Shale Gas: There Ain't No Such Thing As A Free Lunch

Whoever coined the phrase about having to sacrifice for your lunch could have been talking about energy. You name the source of energy and look into it and you'll find there are pros and cons about every one of them. We have been deluged with negative information about big bad oil companies and dirty, filthy coal. Now we're hearing about all this natural gas we can produce from shale rock in many places around the country (USA) and the world. What is the real story?

The following article is a good introduction to shale gas and how it has the potential, or even probability of changing America's energy picture. Why isn't the mainstream media paying more attention? Why are we bombarded with pictures and stories of how windmills and solar panels are the answer to our energy needs? I think the answer is in the forces that have been behind the great scandal going on over the myth of man-caused global warming. For more information on that subject, go here.
Peter


An energy answer in the shale below?
New technology opens vast stores of natural gas, and the land rush is on

By Steven Mufson
Washington Post Staff Writer
Thursday, December 3, 2009 (source)

The first time Chesapeake Energy tried to buy mineral rights from Diana Whitmore, a 74-year-old retired real estate broker in southern New York, it offered her $125 for every acre of land plus a 12 percent royalty on whatever natural gas it extracts.

Nearly two years later, she's still holding out. Along with hundreds of other landowners, she has joined a coalition that is negotiating with nine oil and gas companies. The latest offers in the area are running as high as $5,500 an acre with 20 percent royalties.

"It's what's really going to turn this whole place around," said her son Daniel Fitzsimmons, who has since helped form the Binghamton Conklin Gas Lease Coalition.

This corner of the state is at the forefront of an old-fashioned land rush that has implications far beyond Conklin, N.Y. Oil and gas companies are vying to stake out territory where they can tap natural gas trapped in shale rock. Just a few years ago, the industry didn't have the technology to unlock these reserves. But thanks to advances in horizontal drilling and methods of fracturing rock with high-pressure blasts of water, sand and chemicals, vast gas reserves in the United States are suddenly within reach.

As a result, said BP chief executive Tony Hayward, "the picture has changed dramatically."

"The United States is sitting on over 100 years of gas supply at the current rates of consumption," he said. Because natural gas emits half the greenhouse gases of coal, he added, that "provides the United States with a unique opportunity to address concerns about energy security and climate change."

Recoverable U.S. gas reserves could now be bigger than the immense gas reserves of Russia, some experts say. The Marcellus shale formation, stretching across swaths of Pennsylvania, New York and West Virginia, has enough gas to meet the entire nation's needs for at least 14 years, according to an estimate by two Pennsylvania State University experts. Just in Broome County, N.Y., where Fitzsimmons lives, shale gas development could create $15 billion in economic activity, according to consultants hired by the county.

The country is carpeted with shale gas plays, including the Barnett in Texas, Fayetteville in Arkansas and Haynesville in Louisiana. Since 2000, gas from shale has grown from less than 1 percent of the nation's production to about 10 percent, according to the consulting firm PFC Energy, and it's picking up fast.

That's changing the energy and economic landscape from Broome County to the Gulf of Mexico. It could mean lower prices and reassurance to homeowners who heat with gas, or towns and companies with vehicle fleets running on the fuel. As winter begins, the price of natural gas is about a third of the level it was 14 months ago. Storage facilities are bursting.

With new supplies, the country will be less vulnerable to disruptions from Gulf Coast hurricanes and need to rely less on imports. Already, deliveries of liquefied natural gas from places such as Qatar, Nigeria and Trinidad are down 58 percent in 2008, idling costly U.S. terminals.

The prospect of new gas supplies at stable prices is also transforming debates over climate change. It deals another blow to proposals for new coal plants. And because gas plants can be switched on and off quickly, unlike coal and nuclear, natural gas could supplement wind and solar power facilities, whose output varies with the weather.

"Natural gas can serve as a bridge fuel to a low-carbon, sustainable energy future," said former Colorado senator Timothy Wirth, now head of the U.N. Foundation. Indeed, this year, coal use is down about 13 percent, while electricity demand has fallen only 5 percent and natural gas use has remained about steady.

But the prospect of widespread shale gas drilling is also driving wedges in the environmental community. Many environmentalists have sounded alarms about the chemicals that drillers use to fracture the rock and the danger of natural gas or other substances contaminating water supplies. A video posted on the Web shows a man in Fort Lupton, Colo., lighting a fire with the tapwater in his kitchen sink -- although it isn't clear what caused that problem.

Residents of New York City, which draws drinking supplies from a large watershed that reaches up to the Catskill Mountains, have protested, and Chesapeake Energy has voluntarily announced that it would not drill in the watershed. Gov. David A. Paterson (D) has declared a moratorium on drilling until the state's Department of Environmental Conservation issues rules, which are open for public comment. A raucous meeting in Manhattan last month ended before even a third of the people who wanted to comment got a chance to speak.

"This is probably the biggest thing to happen to the state of New York since the initial clearing by settlers," said Wes Gillingham, executive director of the Catskill Mountainkeeper.

In north Texas, some people are also wondering whether drilling in the Barnett shale is to blame for a series of barely perceptible but highly unusual earthquakes now being investigated by geologists.

Yet other environmental groups favor developing gas to displace coal. "There are legitimate concerns that need to be addressed," said Bruce Nilles, a lawyer at the Sierra Club. But, he added, new natural gas supplies could be a "game-changer" in the battle against coal plants.

Nilles said New York's 20 coal plants largely burn Appalachian coal from areas with mountaintop removal. "The status quo means continuing to destroy the oldest mountain range in the country," he said.

Credit for discovering that gas could be economically extracted from shale generally goes to George Mitchell, former head of Mitchell Energy. In the early 1980s, as the company's production was declining, Mitchell and his geologists started experimenting with "hydraulic fracturing" -- blasting underground layers of shale with a mixture of water, chemicals and sand to crack the rock and get gas flowing out of it.

"Mitchell had hired an investment banking firm in 1999 to see if anyone wanted to buy them," recalled Larry Nichols, chief executive of Devon Energy. "Devon and everyone else looked and said, 'No, that technology doesn't work.' We, like everyone else, turned up our noses."

Three years later, Devon paid $3.1 billion to acquire Mitchell. It combined hydraulic fracturing with horizontal drilling, which enabled a single well to turn, follow a seam of shale for up to two miles and produce much more gas. Now a quarter of the natural gas produced by Devon, a $30 billion company, comes from shale.

Historically, most of the natural gas produced in the United States came from relatively small pockets in porous rock. The oil and gas industry has been "eternally searching for relatively small traps," Nichols said. Shale, by contrast, is widespread and hard to miss. "Devon has drilled 4,000 wells in the Barnett and is planning 4,000 more, at least. And we have not drilled a dry hole," Nichols said.

The stakes are high for companies and consumers, as well as the environment. Shale gas has already added billions of dollars to the value of companies like Devon, but it unsettles people living in scenic portions of Pennsylvania and New York, which were the first places oil was discovered but which have been relatively undisturbed for decades.

Some people are just happy about the money. Fitzsimmons, for example, suffers from arthritis and has a nonverbal autistic 18-year-old son. He and his family own 185 acres. "If you're a property owner, it's amazing," he said. "Even some of the ones who are members of these organizations that are supposedly against it -- when it comes time to get a check on their property, suddenly they're all for getting the check."

Chesapeake Energy And Haynesville Shale Gas Production

Chesapeake Energy is reporting some very significant production results from their Haynesville Shale Gas Play activity.
Peter

By OGJ editors (source)

HOUSTON, Aug. 3 – Chesapeake Energy Corp. expects to hike its Haynesville shale gas output to a gross operated 575 MMcfe/d at the end of 2009 and as much as 1.025 bcfe/d by the end of 2010.

The production rate in late July was 175 MMcfe/d net and 285 MMcfe/d gross operated.

The company plans to average 33 operated rigs in the second half of 2009 and 36 rigs in 2010 compared with 29 currently active.

Chesapeake has added 40,000 net acres since Mar. 31, 2009, and is now the play’s largest leasehold owner at 510,000 net acres. Plains Exploration & Production Co., Houston, Chesapeake’s 20% joint venture partner, owns another 113,000 net acres.

The two companies have drilled and completed 74 Chesapeake-operated horizontal wells.

Assuming a flat Nymex gas price of $7/Mcf for the life of the well, Chesapeake estimated pretax rates of return from a 6.5 bcfe horizontal Haynesville well drilled for $7.5 million of 42% excluding the benefit of drilling carries and more than 345% including carries.

Chesapeake recovered 35% of its $4.7 billion Haynesville leasehold investment with the sale of a 20% interest to Plains, bringing Chesapeake’s net investment in Haynesville leasehold to $6,000/net acre.

Three second quarter completions achieved pipeline-constrained initial 30-day average production of 15.3, 14.2, and 15.2 MMcfe/d. The three wells are in Caddo and De Soto parishes, La.

For a far more thorough discussion of Chesapeake's production activity, see the following article:

http://www.chk.com/News/Articles/Pages/1314522.aspx

The following is a brief summary:

Company Reports 2009 Second Quarter Production of 2.453 Bcfe per Day, an Increase of 4% over 2009 First Quarter Production and 5% over 2008 Second Quarter Production

Company Increases Proved Natural Gas and Oil Reserves by 0.7 Tcfe to 12.5 Tcfe, Anticipates Reporting 2009 Second Quarter Drilling and Net Acquisition Costs of Less Than $1.00 per Mcfe; Company Record Set for Organic Reserve Additions and Reserve Replacement Over a Six-Month Period; Year-End Proved Reserve Targets for 2009 and 2010 Reaffirmed at 14 and 16 Tcfe, Respectively

Haynesville Shale Gas Play Continues With Positive Results

Operators in the Haynesville Shale Gas Play have reduced their drilling activity "until drilling and completion costs are reduced to acceptable levels". What is acceptable? I seems to me these costs are fairly inflexible. These wells are expensive and cutting costs can be dangerous and counter-productive. What really is needed is higher natural gas prices. My guess is the price will increase when demand increases.
Peter

Haynesville well results encourage operators

By OGJ editors (source)
HOUSTON, July 15 -- Forest Oil Corp., Denver, and Goodrich Petroleum Corp., Houston, reported results from recent Jurassic Haynesville horizontal well completions in Louisiana and East Texas.

Forest, meanwhile, said it operated only four rigs in this year’s second quarter and continues to defer significant investments until drilling and completion costs are reduced to acceptable levels to support a larger drilling program at current natural gas prices.

In Red River Parish, La., the Driver 13-1H well produced into a sales line at 20.3 MMcfd of gas equivalent with 6,500 psi flowing casing pressure in early July. It had 10 frac stages in a 3,500-ft horizontal leg and cost $9 million.

Forest has identified 110 potential horizontal locations on the 11,050 Haynesville prospective net acres it holds in Louisiana. It will maintain a one-rig program in the parish for the rest of 2009 and one rig in other prospective areas of the play in Texas and Louisiana.

Goodrich Petroleum said the Taylor Sealey-3H in Panola County, Tex., produced at 9.3 MMcfd with 5,200 psi on a 24/64-in. choke. It is in Minden field 6 miles south of the Lutheran Church-5H well that had an initial rate of 9 MMcfd. The company has 100% working interest.

The company reached total depth at two other Haynesville shale horizontal wells, T. Swiley-4H in Minden field and Beard Taylor-1H in Beckville field.

Goodrich Petroleum also held interests in three wells completed by Chesapeake Energy Corp. in Bethany-Longstreet field, Caddo and DeSoto Parishes, La.

Initial rates were 12.5 MMcfd with 7,800 psi on an 18/64-in. choke at Johnson 32H-1, Goodrich 31%; 15.4 MMcfd with 6,100 psi on a 22/64-in. choke at Wallace 36H-1, Goodrich 22%; and 14 MMcfd with 4,000 psi on a 22/64-in. choke at the Bryan 25H-1, Goodrich 13%.

Haynesville Shale, Another Very Good Well

The Haynesville Shale Gas Play in northwest Louisiana continues growing with very good results. Note the mention of the "10-stage frac". Horizontal drilling followed by multi-stage frac jobs is becoming the norm for shale gas wells across the country.
Peter

Louisiana
By OGJ editors
HOUSTON, Apr. 28 -- (source)
A well operated by Chesapeake Energy Corp., Oklahoma City, in Caspiana field, Northwest Louisiana, flowed 17 MMcfd of gas from the Haynesville shale formation on state test.
Participant Cubic Energy Inc., Dallas, said the well flowed on a 24/64-in. choke with 6,170 psi flowing tubing pressure after a 10-stage frac. It was completed in February 2009.

The well, Clingman Acres-11H, in 11-15n-15w, Caddo Parish, is just east of Cubic Energy's Johnson Branch acreage. Cubic Energy's working interest in the well is 2.8%.

An Excellent Summary Of Unconventional Gas (and oil) Plays In The US

The following is a well-written and fairly detailed summary of the status of so-called unconventional shale gas, (and some oil) plays taking place in the United States as of August, 2008. It seems the economic benefits of this activity is going relatively unnoticed, compared to all the emphasis on "green" energy. Green meaning solar, wind and geothermal energy. It does make one wonder who is controlling or influencing what the mainstream media reports.

Note, one of the keys to the success of these new plays is horizontal drilling, and of course, the interpretation of these horizontal wells. This kind of interpretation presents a totally new challenge to geologists and engineers, something that can not be taken lightly.
Peter


ARCHIVE August 2008

Vol. 229 No. 8
SPECIAL FOCUS: NORTH AMERICAN OUTLOOK- UNCONVENTIONAL RESOURCES
Unconventional plays grow in number after Barnett Shale blazed the way
The Haynesville and Marcellus are becoming exciting new gas plays, while activity in the Woodford and Fayetteville continues.
Katrina Boughal , Technical Editor (source)

Unconventional gas plays in the US have been booming since technological advances increased production in the now-famous Barnett Shale. Horizontal drilling and fracture stimulation in the shale source rock, as opposed to the sandstone/limestone/dolomite reservoir rock, have proved to be successful not only in gas plays like the Barnett, Fayetteville and Woodford, but also in the Bakken-a primarily oil-rich formation.

Resources that were previously thought to be unrecoverable are now being reassessed and, in some cases, rediscovered. Many shale plays have been producing a small amount of gas for years (the Indiana and Kentucky New Albany Shale since the late 1880s), but with the Barnett example, they are becoming more successful. Hot plays in the industry include the Louisiana/Texas Haynesville and Bossier Shales, and the Marcellus of Pennsylvania/Appalachia. The Williston Basin Bakken Formation has also gained popularity after a recent reassessment by the USGS.

HAYNESVILLE
The fairly recent Haynesville gas play, having garnered attention over the past few months, is an Upper Jurassic formation overlain by the Cotton Valley Group, and lies over the Smackover Formation. The Haynesville is an ultra-low permeability shale, and is focused in northwest Louisiana and East Texas, particularly in Caddo, Bossier and DeSoto Parishes, but also to a lesser extent in Red River and Sabine Parishes, and Harrison and Panola Counties, Fig. 1. The Haynesville Shale underlies the Bossier Shale (part of the Cotton Valley Group), and they are sometimes referred to as the same unit or related units. 2 Deeper than most shale gas plays, the Haynesville is located at depths ranging between 11,000 and 13,000 ft. 3

Fig. 1 . Map of the Haynesville Shale play (shaded). 1

Chesapeake is a large participant in the Haynesville play, holding about 550,000 acres as of late June 2008, with plans to acquire more acreage. Chesapeake entered a joint venture with Plains Exploration and Production, and the companies plan to drill about 600 wells in the Haynesville in the next three years. Chesapeake is estimating a mid-point estimated ultimate reserve of 6.5 Bcf, and their initial horizontal production rates are encouraging for the play.
“The initial production rates on the eight horizontal wells we have completed have ranged from 5 to 15 MMcfd on restricted chokes at flowing casing pressures of up to 6,500 psi,” said Chesapeake CEO Aubrey K. McClendon. 4

Petrohawk is also an active participant with about 275,000 acres, and completed their first horizontal well in the Haynesville in late June 2008. The Elm Grove Plantation #63, drilled in Bossier Parish, encountered about 212 ft of Haynesville Shale, and produced at a rate of 16.8 MMcfd. Completion of Elm Grove Plantation #63 included 11 stages of fracture stimulation. Petrohawk is drilling three horizontal wells, and expects to be operating six rigs in the Haynesville by mid-September 2008. 5

Companies are scrambling to lease plots in the Haynesville, with Forest Oil announcing in late June 2008 a net holding of 90,000 acres in the area. 6 GMX Resources added 7,300 net acres in early July, bringing its total acreage to 27,500. 7 EnCana has about 325,000 acres in the Haynesville, and completed a horizontal well in February with an initial production rate of 8 MMcfd. 8

FAYETTEVILLE
A few years ago the Fayetteville Shale experienced an upswing in interest somewhat akin to what the Haynesville is experiencing now. The Fayetteville of Arkansas is a Mississippian formation on the eastern end of the Arkoma Basin, with thicknesses varying between 50 and 300 ft and drilled at depths ranging from 2,000 to 6,000 ft. Thickness in the Fayetteville differs from east to west, at about 50 to 75 ft thick in western Arkansas to about 300 ft at the eastern edge of the Arkoma Basin. The formation is productive from its middle to base because the lower section is rich in organic material, with chert and siliceous interbedding. 9 The unit is thermally mature, and is differentiated from surrounding units by high radioactivity and resistivity signatures. 10

The Fayetteville is found in multiple eastern and central Arkansas counties, including Cleburne, Conway, Faulkner, Franklin, Jackson, St. Francis, Pope, Prairie, Van Buren, White and Woodruff Counties. The Fayetteville is about the same age and is seen as a geologic equivalent to the Barnett Shale near Fort Worth.

The Fayetteville followed the Barnett in production technology. As with other shale gas plays, the Fayetteville was previously known to be a gas-bearing formation, but only produced when horizontal drilling and fracture stimulation were introduced. 8 Some 460 of the over 500 producing wells in the Fayetteville are horizontal, and total production from the shale has reached, and likely exceeded, 52 Bcf. 11

Rig counts in the Arkansas Arkoma Basin have increased dramatically in the past two years. In August 2006, the rig count hovered at slightly over 20. In early July 2008, the count was at 59 operating rigs, with most located in Van Buren, White and Conway Counties. Southwestern Energy was operating 18 of the 59 rigs (about 31%) in the Arkansas Arkoma Basin during the first week of July 2008. 12 Southwestern, one of the most dominant players in the region, owns about 851,100 acres in the Fayetteville area, and has completed 557 wells in the play as of March 2008, of which about 88% were horizontal. During the company’s first quarter 2008, estimated 2007 production from the Fayetteville was 53.5 Bcf. 13

Chesapeake holds the largest land area in the play with 1.1 million acres, and in March 2008, had a net production of 130 MMcfd from the Fayetteville. Chesapeake had 12 rigs operating in March 2008, and plans to escalate drilling activity to 25 rigs in the play by early 2009. 14

MARCELLUS
In 2002, the USGS released an assessment of the undiscovered oil and gas in the Appalachian Basin Province. The Marcellus Shale was characterized as an individual assessment unit in the Appalachian Basin region that contained gas resources of about 1.9 Tcf. 15

The Marcellus had been fairly quiet until recently, when in late 2007 Range Resources announced horizontal well test rates from 1.4 MMcfd to 4.7 MMcfd. Shortly after, in January 2008, Pennsylvania State University and the University of New York at Fredonia released a report estimating recoverable reserves at 50 Tcf. Since then, The New York Times and USA Today have run stories on the Marcellus and the formation’s producing potential.

The Marcellus Shale is part of a large suite of rocks known as the Devonian shales, and stretches NE-SW about 600 mi across several Appalachian states, including New York, Pennsylvania and West Virginia, Fig. 2. 16 The naturally fractured, dry gas-producing Marcellus covers an area of about 54,000 square mi, 17 and ranges in thickness from 50 to 200 ft. Like the Fayetteville, the Marcellus thins from east to west, with 200-ft sections in northeastern Pennsylvania and 50-ft sections in northern West Virginia, Ohio, Pennsylvania and western New York. The formation depth ranges from 5,000 to 8,000 ft below sea level. 18

Fig. 2 . Map of the Marcellus and Devonian Shales. 16

The organic richness of the Marcellus, however, decreases generally from north in New York to south in West Virginia. The thermal maturity of the shale is an estimated 1.5 to 3% vitrinite reflectance (Ro). 18

As of April 2008, Range Resources held about 1.15 million acres of the Marcellus play, and had drilled 10 successful horizontal wells with initial production rates ranging from 2.6 to 5.8 MMcfd. 19 Other players in the Marcellus include Atlas Energy Resources and Chesapeake (largest lease holder with 1.2 million acres). Atlas, whose drilling plan is focused primarily in southwestern Pennsylvania, announced in February that it had 21 producing vertical wells, with 6 more due to be completed and producing shortly. 20

Marcellus players face the problem of minimal public information on the area, and have to resort to academic papers and regional geologic information due to the lack of log data. Oilfield services and equipment in the area are also somewhat scarce, with only four or six Appalachian rigs capable of drilling horizontal wells. 16

WOODFORD
Activity in the Woodford Shale began in 2003-2004 as a vertical play, but quickly transitioned to horizontal wells after the Barnett became horizontally driven. 21

The Woodford Shale is located in Oklahoma on the western end of the Arkoma Basin, and ranges in age from Middle Devonian to Early Mississippian. The stratigraphic equivalent to the Bakken and Antrim Shales, the Woodford shows a wide range of thermal maturities from 0.7 to 4.89% Ro?. Although known to be a gas-producing formation, the Woodford may have the potential to produce oil as well, 22 and the silica-rich shale has provided a good environment for fracturing due to its brittle nature. 21

The Woodford has seen many players in the area including Newfield Exploration, Devon, Chesapeake and XTO Energy. Newfield has about 165,000 net acres in the Woodford, is looking to drill about 100 horizontal wells this year and had a gross production of 165 MMcfd as of February 2008.23 Drilling depths for Newfield have ranged from 6,000 to 13,000 ft, with lateral lengths to about 5,000 ft. 21

For a more in-depth discussion on the characteristics and production potential of the Woodford Shale, please see page 83.


BARNETT
No unconventional play article would be complete without a mention of the Barnett. The very well-known Barnett Shale is the gas play that introduced horizontal drilling and fracture stimulation techniques to the unconventional shale gas field, allowing other plays’ production potential to be realized. Indeed, every time a new shale gas play is discovered, it is compared to the Barnett, or is called the “next Barnett” or a “baby Barnett.”
The Mississippian Barnett in the Fort Worth Basin of Texas is about 6,500 to 8,000 ft deep, and thickens toward the northeast-from about 30 to 50 ft thick in the south to about 1,000 ft thick in the northeast. 24

At the end of 2007, the total number of Barnett producing wells over time was at about 8,960, with cumulative production of 3.69 Tcf and 11.6 million bbl of oil. The rate of production from 8,435 active Barnett wells in December 2007 was 3.524 Bcfd plus 7,477 bpd. From 2003 to 2007, horizontal wells have become the dominant well orientation. In 2003, about 21% of wells completed in the Barnett were horizontal; in 2007, about 94% were horizontal. 25
The Barnett continues as the giant that it has become in the past five years. The players list in the Barnett is exhaustive, with Devon, Chesapeake, XTO, Encana, EOG and others. Devon has drilled more than 1,300 wells in the Barnett since 2002, and produces nearly 600 MMcfd. 26

BAKKEN
The April 2008 USGS assessment of the Bakken Formation in the Williston Basin has caused a flurry of activity in the area, particularly because of the undiscovered, technically recoverable oil resource estimation-between 3.0 and 4.3 billion bbl. The large increase in the Bakken’s recoverable resources (formerly estimated by the USGS at 151 million bbl in 1995) is due to the same factor that has lead to expanding shale gas plays: advances in horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing.

The Upper Devonian-Early Mississippian Bakken is a continuous, 200,000-sq mi formation composed of sandstone, siltstone and dolomite bounded by two shale layers. Average porosity in the Bakken is between 8% and 12%, and permeability ranges from 0.05 mD to 0.5 mD. The Bakken is about 2-mi deep, and has a net thickness of about 6 ft to 15 ft. Key players in the region include EOG Resources, Whiting Petroleum, Brigham Exploration, Hess, Newfield Exploration, XTO and Marathon. 27 For a more comprehensive view on the Bakken assessment, please see World Oil June 2008, page 83.

OTHER PLAYS
There are a multitude of unconventional shale plays being assessed, and the following are a few from various parts of the US.
Utica. Located in New York, northern Pennsylvania, Quebec and Ontario, the Utica Shale is an Upper Ordovician reservoir with typical low permeability, high organic content and varying thickness-the formation ranges from 150 to 1,000 ft across New York. The Utica’s close proximity to the Marcellus makes it interesting, but recently drilled Utica wells have “not responded well to the normal shale fracturing practices.” 28 Forest Oil has acquired 269,000 net acres of the Quebec Utica, and in April 2008, reported 1 MMcfd production rates from two 4,800-ft vertical wells. 29

Chattanooga.
This Devonian shale formation extends across a large part of the US, although the gas play is centered in southern Kentucky, eastern Tennessee and northern Alabama, Fig. 3. Sources cite the Chattanooga as being an equivalent to both the Marcellus and the Woodford Shales, all of which are Devonian formations. 30,31

Fig. 3 . Map of the Chattanooga Shale play (shaded). 30

The USGS reported in 2007 on the petroleum system of the Black Warrior Basin in Alabama and Mississippi that encompasses part of the Chattanooga Shale. The USGS report focused on the carbonates and sandstones, and discussed the Floyd and Chattanooga Shales as source rocks alone-no unconventional shale gas assessment was released. The Chattanooga is a Devonian-age shale that is separated from the Mississippian-age Floyd Shale by a thin layer of chert and limestone, and they are often referred in relation to each other. The Alabama Chattanooga play lies in the eastern Black Warrior Basin, and is a thin unit with a Total Organic Carbon (TOC) weight percent range of 2.4-12.7. 32 The Tennessee Chattanooga play is relatively shallow compared to other gas plays with depths ranging from 1,500 to 2,000 ft. 33

In 2007, CNX Gas Corp. drilled a horizontal well in Tennessee with an initial production rate of 3.9 MMcfd. 34 Atlas Energy Resources announced in June 2008 the successful drilling of four horizontal wells in the formation. 35

Floyd. In close contact with the Chattanooga Shale, the Floyd play is situated in the Black Warrior Basin of Mississippi and Alabama. The formation is primarily shale, but also contains clay, sandstone and limestone beds, with chert and large siderite modules. 32 Found at depths from about 4,000 ft to 9,000 ft below surface level, 36 the Floyd thickens toward the northeast, with a maximum thickness of about 600 ft, and has a TOC percent weight of about 1.8. The Floyd is believed to be the source rock for the conventional reservoirs in the area. 32 Carrizo Oil and Gas drilled a horizontal well in the Floyd in July 2007,37 and Murphy Oil drilled several wells in 2006. 38 With minimal news concerning the Floyd in 2008, play activity seems to have slowed down.

New Albany.
Found in the Illinois Basin, the New Albany Shale is a mostly Devonian-aged formation (the top few feet of the unit are Mississippian) that spans Kentucky, Indiana and, to a smaller extent, Illinois. The New Albany can be correlated with the Antrim Shale of Michigan and Indiana, and the Chattanooga Shale of Tennessee. 39 The New Albany gas play has been focused in Kentucky and southeastern Indiana. Formation thickness varies-the shale is about 100 to 140 ft thick in southeastern Indiana and almost 340 ft thick farther southwest in the Illinois Basin. 40 The USGS released a report in 2007 on the Illinois Basin that assessed the undiscovered, technically recoverable gas resources of the New Albany Shale at 3.79 Tcf. 41 Aurora Oil and Gas reported an average production of 424 Mcfd from their New Albany holdings in the first quarter 2008. 42 CNX Gas drilled six wells in the New Albany in 2007 to determine reservoir information and future drilling locations. 34

As the Barnett proves to be continually successful, shale plays, oil and gas, are looking to be important in the future.
There are already whispers of the Haynesville being the next Barnett, and although those rumors have been heard before about other plays, expect to hear about the Haynesville, and the Bakken and Marcellus, in the months to come.

LITERATURE CITED
1 “Core leasing area: Haynesville Shale map,” Haynesville Shale Map, http://haynesvilleshalemap.com/, accessed July 7, 2008.
2 Welborn, V., “What is the Haynesville Shale?” Shreveport Times , July 7, 2008.
3 “Shale gas fever drives land drilling in US,” Platts Oilgram News , July 4, 2008, pg. 6.
4 “Chesapeake and PXP announce Haynesville Shale joint venture,” Yahoo Financial News, July 1, 2008, http://bix.yahoo.com/bw/080701/20080701006524.html, accessed July 8, 2007.
5 “Petrohawk Energy Corporation reports Haynesville Shale result and leasehold update,” Fox Business, June 30, 2008, http://www.foxbusiness.com/story/markets/industries/energy/petrohawk-energy-corporation-reports-haynesville-shale-result-leasehold-update/, accessed July 8, 2008.
6 “Forest Oil increases holdings in E. Texas, N. La,” Forbes.com, June 30, 2008, http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2008/06/30/ap5169765.html, accessed July 10, 2008.
7 “GMX Resources Inc. announces Haynesville/Bossier Shale drilling to begin 3Q08,” Prime Newswire, July 7, 2008, http://www.primenewswire.com/newsroom/news.html?d=145868, accessed July 10, 2008.
8 Fuquay, J., “Chesapeake, EnCana, boost activity in Louisiana gas shale,” Star-Telegram , June 16, 2008.
9 Brown, D., “Barnett may have Arkansas cousin,” AAPG Explorer , Feb. 2006.
10 “The Fayetteville Shale play: A geologic overview,” Arkansas Business.com, Aug. 27, 2007, http://www.arkansasbusiness.com/article.aspx?aID=99154, accessed July 8, 2008.
11 Shelby, P., “Fayetteville Shale play of North-Central Arkansas: A project update,” presented at the AAPG Annual Convention, San Antonio, Texas, April 20-23, 2008.
12 “Baker Hughes US rig count- Summary report,” Baker Hughes- Investor relations- Rig counts, http://164.109.37.157/Reports/StandardReport.aspx, accessed July 11, 2008.
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Haynesville Shale May Become World's Largest Gas Field?

Ok, CEO's have been known to exaggerate their company's prognosis. See the following comments by the CEO of Chesapeake Energy. However, the Haynesville Shale in northwestern Louisiana and far eastern Texas is shaping up to be at least a major new gas play. Call it "unconventional shale gas", but it is for real. This gas play is at the heart of what I'm presenting on this blog.

The Haynesville Shale Play involves horizontal drilling, and the interpretation and steering while drilling of those wells, multi-stage frac jobs, and the opening of thousands of feet of pay zone, and multiple wells being drilled in all directions from one location. The Haynesville Shale and plays like it represent a big part of the future gas industry. Stay tuned.
Peter


Haynesville Shale Primed to Become World's Largest Gas Field by 2020 by Starr SpencerPlatts 2/11/2009
URL: http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=72839

The Haynesville Shale may eventually become the world's largest producing gas field, Aubrey McClendon, CEO of Chesapeake Energy and a pioneer of the play in east Texas and northwest Louisiana, said Wednesday.
(Map showing the location of the Haynesville Gas Shale Play)

Chesapeake expects the play, which only became widely known when the company began talking about it last March, will produce at least 500 Tcf over time and then recover around 700 Tcf before potentially growing even larger, McClendon said during a presentation to the annual Cambridge Energy Research Associates conference in Houston.
"We think in time it will become the largest gas field in the world at 1.5 quadrillion cubic feet," he added.

Haynesville will become the largest US gas field by 2020, he added.
Meanwhile, the Barnett Shale play in north Texas, which sparked the shale craze earlier this decade, now produces 4.5 to 5 Bcf/d, and "is largely responsible for the current oversupply of natural gas" in the US, said the CEO. However, Chesapeake does not believe production will peak at more than 7 Bcf/d.

"If the current 100 rigs there -- half what it was six months ago -- holds, this field won't ever produce more than about 6 Bcf/d," he said.
Last week, Chesapeake peer EOG Resources said it expected the Haynesville to peak in the first quarter at 5 Bcf/d.

In addition, McClendon projected that a declining rig count could cause a 7% to 8%, and possibly even as much as 10%, decline in US natural gas production.

"You could see as much as a 10 Bcf/d swing in gas output year over year," McClendon said. US gas production currently hovers about 60 Bcf/d.

However, oilfield service costs should be down this year about 20%, and that, on top of the fall in rig count, should also spur recovery in the rig count, he said.

"The seeds of recovery in gas prices are being sown today and we think 2010 and 2011 should be a much better environment," said the CEO.

He also said he believes the US gas rig count, which peaked at about 1,500 rigs last September, needs to go down about 60% to create the much-sought price rebound. It is currently at 1,104 rigs.